Artificial Intelligence NTA UGC NET Question Analysis

Artificial Intelligence NTA UGC NET Question Analysis


Q.1➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
Match List – I with List – II.
List – I
(A) Greedy Best first search
(B) A*
(C) Recursive best first search
(D) SMA*

List – II
(I) The space complexity as O(d) where d = depth of the deepest optimal solution
(II) Incomplete even if the search space is finite
(III) Optimal if optimal solution is reachable otherwise return the best reachable optimal solution
(IV) Computation and space complexity is two light
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
i ➥ (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
ii ➥ (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
iii ➥ (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
iv ➥ (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Best Explanation:
Answer: (I)
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Q.2➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
In the content of Alpha Beta pruning in game trees which of the following statements are correct regarding cut off procedures ?
(A) Alpha Beta pruning can eliminate subtrees with certainly when the value of a node exceeds both the alpha and beta bonds.
(B) The primarily purpose of Alpha-Beta proning is to save computation time by searching fewer nodes in the same tree.
(C) Alpha Beta pruning guarantees the optimal solution in all cases by exploring the entire game tree.
(D) Alpha and Beta bonds are initialized to negative and positive infinity respectively at the root note.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ (A), (C), (D) Only
ii ➥ (B), (C), (D) Only
iii ➥ (A), (B), (D) Only
iv ➥ (C), (B) Only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (III)
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Q.3➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
In a genetic algorithm optimization problem the fitness function is defined as f(x) = x²-4x +4.
Given a population of four individuals with values of x: (1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.5}
What is the fitness value of the individual that will be selected as the parent for reproduction in one generation?
i ➥ 2.25
ii ➥ 6.0
iii ➥ 0.0
iv ➥ 6.25
Best Explanation:
Answer: (IV)
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Q.4➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
Match List – I with List – II.
List – I
(A) Hill climbing
(B) Best first search
(C) A* Search
(D) Depth first search

List – II
(I) O(b ^ d)
(II) O(bd)
(III) O(1)
(IV) O(b ^ m)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
i ➥ (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
ii ➥ (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
iii ➥ (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
iv ➥ (A)-(1), (B)-(II), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
Best Explanation:
Answer: (I)
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Q.5➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
Which of the following are commonly used parsing techniques in NLP (Natural Language Processing) for syntatic analysis.
(A) Top down parsing
(B) Bottom Up parsing
(C) Dependency parsing
(D) Statistical machine translation
(E) Earley parsing
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
i ➥ (A), (C), (D), (E) Only
ii ➥ (B), (C), (D), (E) Only
iii ➥ (A), (B), (C), (E) Only
iv ➥ (A) and (B) Only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (III)
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Q.6➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
In a feed forward neural network with the following specifications: Input layer has 4 neurons, hidden layer has 3 neurons and output layer has 2 neurons using the sigmoid activation function for given input values [0.5, 0.8, 0.2, 0.6] as well as the initial weights for the connections.

Input layer to hidden layer weights
W1: [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
W2: [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.2]
W3: [0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.2]

Hidden layer to output layer weights
W4: [0.4, 0.1, 0.3]
W5: [0.5, 0.2, 0.4]
What is the output of the output layer when the given input values are passed through neural network? Round the answer to two decimal places:
i ➥ [0.62, 0.68]
ii ➥ [0.72, 0.78]
iii ➥ [0.82, 0.88]
iv ➥ [0.92, 0.98]
Best Explanation:
Answer: (I)
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Q.7➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
What is the generic structure of Multi Agent System (MAS) ?
i ➥ Single agent with multiple objectives
ii ➥ Multiagents with a single objectives
iii ➥ Multiagents with diverse objectives and communication abilities
iv ➥ Multiagent with two objectives
Best Explanation:
Answer: (III)
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Q.8➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
A point of fuzzy set A is a point xX at which μΑ(x) = 0.5
i ➥ Core
ii ➥ Support
iii ➥ Crossover
iv ➥ α-cut
Best Explanation:
Answer: (III)
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Q.9➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence for applying an unsupervised learning technique such as K-means clustering is to a data set:
(A) Randomly initialize cluster centroids
(B) Assign each data point to nearest cluster centroid
(C) Update the cluster centroids based on the mean of data points assigned to each cluster
(D) Specify the number of clusters (K) to partation the data into
(E) Repeat steps B and C until convergence criteria are met
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ (D), (A), (B), (C), (Ε)
ii ➥ (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
iii ➥ (C), (B), (A), (D), (E)
iv ➥ (D), (C), (A), (B), (Ε)
Best Explanation:
Answer: (I)
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Q.10➡ | UGC NET DEC 2023
Arrange the following encoding strategies used in Genetic Algorithms (GAs) in the correct sequence starting from the initial step and ending with the final representation of solutions:
(A) Binary Encoding
(B) Real valued Encoding
(C) Permutation Encoding
(D) Gray coding
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
i ➥ (D), (B), (A), (C)
ii ➥ (B), (D), (A), (C)
iii ➥ (C), (D), (A), (B)
iv ➥ (B), (C), (A), (D)
Best Explanation:
Answer: (III)
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Q.11➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R.
Assertion A: Dendral is an expert system
Reason R: The rationality of an agent is not related to its reaction to the environment.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.
i ➥ Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
ii ➥ Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
iii ➥ A is true but R is false
iv ➥ A is false but R is true
Best Explanation:
Answer: III
Explanation:

DENDRAL, an early expert system, was initiated in 1965 by AI researcher Edward Feigenbaum and geneticist Joshua Lederberg, both from Stanford University in California. Initially known as Heuristic DENDRAL, it specialized in chemical analysis. The system could analyze complex compounds, such as those composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, using spectrographic data. DENDRAL’s capability to hypothesize molecular structures from this data demonstrated performance comparable to expert chemists. The program found applications in both industry and academia.
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Q.12➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
An observational technique that can be used to understand operational process and help to derive requirement for software to support operational process is known as.
i ➥ Requirement specification
ii ➥ Structural specification
iii ➥ Ethnography
iv ➥ Natural language specification
Best Explanation:
Answer: III
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Q.13➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Match List I with List II
List I
A. Expert system
B. Fuzzy system
C. Operator in genetic algorithm
D. Supervised technique

List II
I. Decision tree
II. Scramble
III. Inference engine
IV. Mycin

Choose the correct answer from the options given below: Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A-IV B-I C-III D-II
ii ➥ A-III B-IV C-II D-I
iii ➥ A-IV B-III C-II D-I
iv ➥ A-I B-II C-III D-IV
Best Explanation:
Answer: III
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Q.14➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Which is not the component of the natural language understanding process?
i ➥ Morphological analysis
ii ➥ Semantic analysis
iii ➥ Pragmatic analysis
iv ➥ Meaning analysis
Best Explanation:
Answer: IV
Explanation:

Meaning analysis, is not a component of the natural language understanding process. Meaning analysis is a broader term that encompasses the entire process of understanding natural language. The other three options are all specific components of the process.

* Morphological analysis is the process of breaking down words into their constituent morphemes.
* Semantic analysis is the process of understanding the meaning of words and phrases.
* Pragmatic analysis is the process of understanding the meaning of utterances in context.
Therefore, the answer is iv, meaning analysis.
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Q.15➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Which of the following is not a property of a good system for representation of knowledge in a particular domain?
i ➥ Presentation adequacy
ii ➥ infrential adequacy
iii ➥ Infential efficiency
iv ➥ acquisitional efficiency
Best Explanation:
Answer: I
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Q.16➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Which of the following is not a solution representation in a genetic algorithm?
i ➥ Binary valued
ii ➥ Real valued
iii ➥ Permutation
iv ➥ Combinations
Best Explanation:
Answer: IV
Explanation:

In a genetic algorithm, various representations can be used to encode potential solutions to the problem being optimized. The choice of representation depends on the nature of the problem and the encoding that best suits it. Some common solution representations in genetic algorithms include:

1. Binary Representation: Solutions are represented as strings of binary digits (0s and 1s).
2. Real-Valued Representation: Solutions are represented as arrays of real numbers.
3. Permutation Representation: Solutions are represented as permutations of a set of elements.
4. Integer Representation: Solutions are represented as arrays of integers.
5. Tree Representation: Solutions are represented as tree structures, often used for problems with hierarchical or tree-like structures.
6. Path Representation: Solutions are represented as paths or sequences, often used for problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem.

The representation chosen should match the problem’s characteristics and make it possible to perform genetic operations such as crossover and mutation effectively. The choice of representation depends on the specific problem being solved.

Answer is (IV)
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Q.17➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Fuzzifier is a part of a fuzzy system
Statement II: Inference engine is a part of fuzzy system

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
i ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
ii ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
iii ➥ Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
iv ➥ Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Best Explanation:
Answer: I
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Q.18➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Consider universe positive integer X = {1 <= n <= 8} proposition P = “n is an even integers”, Q= “(3 <= n <= 7) ^(n≠6) “. Then truth set of P ↔ Q is
i ➥ {1,4}
ii ➥ {2,6}
iii ➥ {3,4,5}
iv ➥ {1}
Best Explanation:
Answer: I
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Q.19➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Which of the following is not a mutation operator in a genetic algorithm?
A. Random resetting
B. Scramble
C. Inversion
D. Difference
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A and B only
ii ➥ B and D only
iii ➥ C and D only
iv ➥ D only
Best Explanation:
Answer: IV
Explanation:

The mutation operators mentioned are commonly used in genetic algorithms:
A. Random resetting: This is a mutation operator where a randomly selected gene is reset to a new random value.
B. Scramble: This is a mutation operator that involves randomly selecting a subset of genes and changing their positions in the chromosome.
C. Inversion: This mutation operator involves selecting a subset of genes and reversing their order.
D. Difference: The term “Difference” is not a standard mutation operator in genetic algorithms.
So, the correct answer is:
D. Difference
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Q.20➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Consider the following statements about heap sort algorithm:
A. The MAX-HEAPIFY procedure which runs in O lg(n) time, is the key to maintaining the max heap property
B. The BUILD-MAX-HEAP procedure, which runs in O lg(n) time, produces max-heap from an unordered input array
C. The MAX-HEAP-INSERT, which runs in O (lg n) time, implements the insertion operation
D. The HEAP-INCREASE-KEY procedure runs in O (n lg n) time, to set the key of new node of
its correct value
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A, B only
ii ➥ A, C only
iii ➥ B, D only
iv ➥ A, B, C, D
Best Explanation:
Answer: II
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Q.21➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Which is not a basic approach to the problem of conflict resolution in a production system?
i ➥ Assigning a preference based on the rule that matched
ii ➥ Assigning a preference based the object that matched
iii ➥ Assigning a preference based on the action that the matched rule would perform
iv ➥ Assigning a preference based on the action that the matched object would perform
Best Explanation:
Answer: IV
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Q.22➡ | UGC NET JUNE 2023
Consider the following statements
A. C-Fuzzy means clustering is a supervised method of learning
B. PCA is used for dimension reduction
C. Apriori is not a supervised technique
D. When a machine learning model becomes so specially tuned to its exact input data that it fails to generalize to other similar data it is called underfitting.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A and B
ii ➥ B and C
iii ➥ C and D
iv ➥ D and A
Best Explanation:
Answer: II
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Q.23➡ | NET December 2022
The negation of “Some students like hockey” is
i ➥ Some students dislike hockey
ii ➥ Every student dislike hockey
iii ➥ Every student like hockey
iv ➥ All students like hockey
Best Explanation:
Answer: (ii)
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Q.24➡ | NET December 2022
Overfitting is expected when we observe that?
i ➥ With training iterations error on training set as well as test set decreases
ii ➥ With training iterations error on training set decrease but test set increases
iii ➥ With training iterations error on training set as well as test set increases
iv ➥ With training iterations training set as well as test error remains constant
Best Explanation:
Answer: (ii)
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Q.25➡ | NET December 0222
The A* algorithm is optimal when,
i ➥ It always find the solution with the lowest total cost if the heuristic ‘h’ is admissible
ii ➥ Always finds the solution with the highest total cost if the heuristic ‘h’ is admissible.
iii ➥ Finds the solution with the lowest total cost if the heuristic ‘h’ is not admissible.
iv ➥ It always finds the solution with the highest total cost if the heuristic ‘h’ is not admissible.
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.26➡ | NET December 2022
Which Artificial intelligence technique enables the computers to understand the associations and relationships between objects & events?
i ➥ Heuristic processing
ii ➥ Cognitive science
iii ➥ Relative symbolism
iv ➥ Pattern matching
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iv)
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Q.27➡ | NET December 2022
Where does the value of alpha- beta search get updated ?
i ➥ Along the path of search
ii ➥ Initial state itself
iii ➥ At the end
iv ➥ None of these.
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.28➡ | NET December 2022
4-input neuron has weight 1, 2, 3, 4 . The transfer function is linear with the constant of proportionality being equal to 3. The inputs are 5, 7, 10, and 30 respectively.
the output will be :
i ➥ 120
ii ➥ 213
iii ➥ 410
iv ➥ 507
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iv)
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Q.29➡ | NET December 2022
Which AI system mimics the evolutionary process to generate increasingly better solution to a process to a problem?
(A) Self-organizing neural network
(B) Back propagation neural network
(C) Generic algorithm
(D) Forward propagation neural network
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A only
ii ➥ B only
iii ➥ C only
iv ➥ D only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.30➡ | NET December 2022
Consider the following Learning algorithms.
(A) Logistic regression
(B) Back propagation
(C) Linear regression
(D) Forward propagation
Which of the following options represents classification algorithm?
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A and C only
ii ➥ B and D only
iii ➥ A and B only
iv ➥ C and D only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.31➡ | NET December 2022
Which Boolean operation on two variables can be represented by a single perception layer?
(A) X1 AND X2
(B) X1 OR X2
(C) X1 NOR X2
(D) X1 XOR X2
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A and B only
ii ➥ B and C only.
iii ➥ A, B and C only
iv ➥ A, B, C and D only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.32➡ | NET December 2022
March List(I) with List (II)
Text planning	I.	Natural language understanding.
Sentence planning	II.	Natural language generation.
Sentence generation 		
Map the input to useful representations
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A-(I), B-(II), C-(I), D-(II)
ii ➥ A-(II), B-(II), C-(I), D-(II)
iii ➥ A-(I), B-(II), C-(II), D-(I)
iv ➥ A-(II), B-(II), C-(II), D-(I)
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iv)
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Q.33➡ | NET December 2022
consider the statements:
A : There does not exist a polynomial time algorithm to solve integer Linear programming problem.
B : Main focus of PERT is ‘minimizing time’ .
Choose the correct option about the statements A and B.
i ➥ A is True; B is True
ii ➥ A is True; B is False
iii ➥ A is False; B is True
iv ➥ A is False; B is False
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.34➡ | NET December 2022
Select the correct order of DBSCAN Algorithm.
(A) Find recursively all its density connected points and assign them to the same cluster as the core point.
(B) Find all the neighbor point with eps and identify the core points with more than MinPts neighbor’s.
(C) Iterate through the remaining unvisited pointed in the dataset.
(D) For each core point if it is not already assigned to a cluster, create a new cluster.
Choose the correct answer from the following:
i ➥ B, D, C, A
ii ➥ D, B, C, A
iii ➥ B, D, A, C
iv ➥ D, B, A, C
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.35➡ | NET December 2022
Choose the correct option describing the features of artificial neural network
(A) It is essentially machine learning algorithm.
(B) It is useful when solving the problems for which the data set is very large.
(C) They are able to extract features without input from the programmer.
(D) These are system modeled on the human brain and nervous system
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ All the statements are correct
ii ➥ Only B and C are correct
iii ➥ Only A and D are correct
iv ➥ All the statements are not correct.
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.36➡ | NET December 2022
Four person: P, Q, R and S are in police custody and one of them has committed a crime. They confess as follows:
(A) Person P: Q did it
(B) Person Q: S did it
(C) Person R: I did not do it
(D) Person S: Q lied
If exactly one of the statements is false. Which of the following is the guilty person?
i ➥ P
ii ➥ Q
iii ➥ R
iv ➥ S
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.37➡ | NET June 2022
Consider α, β,  as logical variables. Identify which of the following represents correct logical equivalence:
(A)	(α˄ (β ˅ )  ((α ˄ β ) ˅ (α ˄  )
(B)	(α ˅ β )   α ˅ β
(C)	(α  β )  ( β   α)
(D)	(  (α ˅ β ))  (  α   β )
i ➥ (A) and (D) only
ii ➥ (B) and (C) only
iii ➥ (A) and (C) only
iv ➥ (B) and (C) only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.38➡ | NET June 2022
The logic expression (P̃∧Q)∨(P∧Q̃)∨(P∧Q) is equivalent to
i ➥ P̃∨Q
ii ➥ P∨Q̃
iii ➥ P∨Q
iv ➥ P̃∨Q̃
Best Explanation:
Answer: (iii)
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Q.39➡ | NET June 2022
Given below are two statements : one is labelled as assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R):
Assertion (A) : p̃
Reason (R) : (rq̃ , rs , sq̃ , pq)
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
ii ➥ Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT correct explanation of (A)
iii ➥ (A) is true but (R) is false
iv ➥ (A) is false but (R) is true
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.40➡ | NET June 2022
In a game playing search tree, upto which depth α-β pruning can be applied?
(A) Root (0) level
(B) 6 level
(C) 8 level
(D) Depends on utility value in a breadth order
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
i ➥ (B) and (C) only
ii ➥ (A) and (B) only
iii ➥ (A) , (B) and (C) only
iv ➥ (A) and (D) only
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.41➡ | NET June 2022
Given below are two statements:
Statement (I) : Grandparent is parent of one's parent 
Statement (II) :  First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL) representation of above statement is 
 g, c grandparent (g, c)   p parent (g ,p)  parent (p,c) 
In the light of the above statement, choose the most appropriate answer form the options given below:
i ➥ Both statement (I) and statement (II) are correct
ii ➥ Both statement (I) and statement (II) are incorrect
iii ➥ Statement (I) is correct and statement (II) is incorrect
iv ➥ Statement (I) is incorrect and statement (II) is correct
Best Explanation:
Answer: (i)
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Q.42➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Which agent deals with the happy and unhappy state?
i ➥ Goal-based Agent
ii ➥ Learning Agent
iii ➥ Model-based agent
iv ➥ Utility-based agent

Show Answer With Best Explanation

Answer: IV
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Q.43➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Consider the sentence below.
There is a country that borders both India and Pakistan.
Which of the following logical expressions express the above sentence correctly when the predicate Country(x)
represents that x is a country and Borders(x, y) represents that the countries x and y share the border?
i ➥ [∃c Country(c)] ⇒ [Border (c, India) ∧ Border (c,Pakistan)]
ii ➥ ∃c Border (Country(c), India ∧ Pakistan)
iii ➥ ∃c Country(c) ∧ Border (c, India) ∧ Border (c,Pakistan)
iv ➥ ∃c Country(c) ⇒ [Border (c, India) ∧ Border (c,Pakistan)]

Show Answer With Best Explanation

Answer: III
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Q.44➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Which among the following statement(s) is(are) FALSE?
A. Greedy best-first search is not optimal but is often efficient.
B. A* is complete and optimal provided h(n) is admissible or consistent.
C. Recursive best-first search is efficient in terms of time complexity but poor in terms of space complexity.
D. h(n) = 0 is an admissible heuristic for the 8-puzzle.
i ➥ A and D only
ii ➥ A only
iii ➥ C and D only
iv ➥ C only

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Answer: IV
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Q.45➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Given below are two statements
Statement I:
Breadth-First Search is optimal when all the step costs are equal whereas uniform-cost se optimal with any step-cost.
Statement II:
When all the step costs are same uniform-cost search expends more nodes at depth d tha Breadth-First Search.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
i ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are false
ii ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are true
iii ➥ Statement I is false but Statement II is true
iv ➥ Statement I is true but Statement II is false

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Answer: II
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Q.46➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Consider the given tree below. Calculate the value at the root of the tree using alpha-beta pruning algorithm.
i ➥ 3
ii ➥ 5
iii ➥ 6
iv ➥ 9

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Answer: II
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Q.47➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Next five questions are based on the following passage.
Consider a domain consisting of three Boolean variables Toothache, Cavity, and Catch. The full joint distribution is a 2×2×2 table as shown in the figure below.

The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
i ➥ 0.216
ii ➥ 0.280
iii ➥ 0.400
iv ➥ 0.600

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Answer: IV
Explanation:
Formula,
Conditional Probability
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
Calculation,
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity,
 The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
P(toothache Ո cavity ) = 0.108 + 0.012 = 0.12

The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
P(cavity ) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 + 0.008 = 0.2
 The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
So,Option(IV) is correct.

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Q.48➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Next five questions are based on the following passage.
Consider a domain consisting of three Boolean variables Toothache, Cavity, and Catch. The full joint distribution is a 2×2×2 table as shown in the figure below.

P(cavity U toothache) is________________.
i ➥ 0.120
ii ➥ 0.200
iii ➥ 0.280
iv ➥ 0.600

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Answer: III
Explanation:
Formula,
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A Ո B)
Calculation,
P(cavity U toothache) = P(cavity) + P(toothache) – P(cavity Ո toothache)
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
P(cavity ) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 + 0.008 = 0.2

P(cavity U toothache) is________________.
P(toothache) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.016 + 0.064 = 0.2


P(cavity Ո toothache) = 0.108 + 0.012 = 0.12

P(cavity U toothache) = P(cavity) + P(toothache) – P(cavity Ո toothache)
P(cavity U toothache) = 0.2 + 0.2 – 0.12 = 0.28
So, Option(III) is correct.

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Q.49➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Next five questions are based on the following passage.
Consider a domain consisting of three Boolean variables Toothache, Cavity, and Catch. The full joint distribution is a 2×2×2 table as shown in the figure below.

The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
i ➥ 0.4615
ii ➥ 0.5384
iii ➥ 0.6000
iv ➥ 0.8000

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Answer: I
Explanation:
Formula,
The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
Calculation,
 The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
P(cavity Ո (toothache U catch)) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 = 0.192

 The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
P(toothache U cavity) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 + 0.016 + 0.064 + 0.144 = 0.416

 The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.
 The probability for Cavity, given that either Toothache or Catch is true, P(Cavity | toothache U catch) is _______.= 0.4615
So, Option(I) is correct.

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Q.50➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Next five questions are based on the following passage.
Consider a domain consisting of three Boolean variables Toothache, Cavity, and Catch. The full joint distribution is a 2×2×2 table as shown in the figure below.

The marginal probability of cavity P(cavity) is _____.
i ➥ 0.080
ii ➥ 0.120
iii ➥ 0.200
iv ➥ 0.216

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Answer: III
Explanation:
Calculation,
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
P(cavity ) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.072 + 0.008 = 0.2

So, Option(III) is correct.

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Q.51➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2021
Next five questions are based on the following passage.
Consider a domain consisting of three Boolean variables Toothache, Cavity, and Catch. The full joint distribution is a 2×2×2 table as shown in the figure below.

The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache, P(cavity | toothache) is ____.
i ➥ 0.216
ii ➥ 0.280
iii ➥ 0.400
iv ➥ 0.600

Show Answer With Best Explanation

Answer: IV
Explanation:
Formula,
Conditional Probability
The probability of a toothache, given evidence of a cavity, P(toothache | cavity) is ____.
Calculation,
The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache,
 The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache, P(cavity | toothache) is ____.
 The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache, P(cavity | toothache) is ____.
P(cavity Ո toothache ) = 0.108 + 0.012 = 0.12

P(cavity U toothache) is________________.
P(toothache) = 0.108 + 0.012 + 0.016 + 0.064 = 0.2
 The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache, P(cavity | toothache) is ____.
 The probability of a cavity, given evidence of a toothache, P(cavity | toothache) is ____.= 0.6
So,Option(IV) is correct.

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Q.52➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Consider the statement below.
A person who is radical (R) is electable (E) if he/she is conservative (C), but otherwise is not electable.
Few probable logical assertions of the above sentence are given below.
(A) (R∧E)⇔C
(B) R→(E↔C)
(C) R⇒((C⇒E)∨¬E)
(D) (¬R∨¬E∨C)∧(¬R∨¬C∨E)
Which of the above logical assertions are true?
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ (B) only
ii ➥ (C) only
iii ➥ (A) and (C) only
iv ➥ (B) and (D) only

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Answer: IV
Explanation:
(A) (R ∧ E) ⇔ C
It is not equivalent to above statement. It says that all conservative(C) are Radical(R) and Electable (E).
(B) R ⇒ (E ⇔C)
It is equivalent to above statement. It says that if all person are Radical(R) then they are Electable (E) if
And only if they are Conservative (C).
(C) R ⇒ ((C⇒E) v ¬E)
R ⇒ (¬C v E v ¬E )
It is tautology, That is it is true in all condition because E is in both form (Normal Form & Complemented
Form)
(D) (¬R v ¬E v C) ∧ (¬R v ¬ C v E)
(¬R v E ⇒C) ∧ (¬R v C ⇒E)
¬R v ((E ⇒C) ∧ (C ⇒E))
¬R v (E ⇔C)
R ⇒ (E ⇔C)
It is equivalent to above statement. It says that if all person are Radical(R) then they are Electable (E) if
And only if they are Conservative (C).

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Q.53➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Consider the following argument with premise
i ➥ This is a valid argument.
ii ➥ Steps (C) and (E) are not correct inferences
iii ➥ Steps (D) and (F) are not correct inferences
iv ➥ Step (G) is not a correct inference

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Answer: II
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Q.54➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Given below are two statements:
Statement I: A genetic algorithm is a stochastic hill climbing search in which a large population of states is maintained.
Statement II: In a nondeterministic environment, agents can apply AND-OR search to generate containing plans that reach the goal regardless of which outcomes occur during execution.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answers from the options given below.
i ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are true
ii ➥ Both Statement I and Statement II are false
iii ➥ Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
iv ➥ Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true

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Answer: I
Explanation:
Statement I:
Stochastic Hill-climbing as a core Method for Evaluating Genetic Algorithms
Stochastic Hill-climbing maintains a vast population of states. next new states are created by mutation and crossover, which put together pairs of states from the population.

Hence Statement I is correct.
Statement II:
contingent solutions to nondeterministic problems
By constructing search trees AI agents use AND-OR search tree in non-deterministic environments to initiate contingent plans that achieve the destination (Target/Goal) regardless of which outcomes occur during execution.

Hence Statement II is also correct.
Important points for your exam
AND-OR search trees:
By constructing search trees we find contingent solutions to nondeterministic problems
OR nodes: in deterministic environment,
we call nodes OR nodes when the only branching is initiate by the agent’s own choices OR NODE in each state.
AND nodes: In a non-deterministic environment,
we call nodes OR nodes when branching is initiate by the environment’s choice of outcome for each action.
So the Correct Answer is Option (I).

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Q.55➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Which of the following statements are true?
A) Minimax search is breadth-first; it processes all the nodes at a level before moving to a node in the next level.
B) The effectiveness of the alpha-beta pruning is highly dependent on the order in which the states are examined.
C) The alpha-beta search algorithm computes the same optimal moves as the minimax algorithm.
D) Optimal play in games of imperfect information does not require reasoning about the current and future belief states of each player.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ (A) and (C) only
ii ➥ (A) and (D) only
iii ➥ (B) and (C) only
iv ➥ (C) and (D) only

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Answer: III
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Q.56➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Which of the following statements are true?
A) A sentence α entails another sentence ß if ß is true in few words where α is true.
B) Forward chaining and backward chaining are very natural reasoning algorithms for knowledge bases in Horn form.
C) Sound inference algorithms derive all sentences that are entailed.
D) Propositional logic does not scale to environments of unbounded size.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ (A) and (B) only
ii ➥ (B) and (C) only
iii ➥ (C) and (D) only
iv ➥ (B) and (D) only

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Answer: IV
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Q.57➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Which of the following pairs of propositions are not logically equivalent?
i ➥ ((p→r)∧(q→r)) and ((p∨q)→r)
ii ➥ p↔q and (¬p↔¬q)
iii ➥ ((p∧q)∨(¬p∧¬q)) and p↔q
iv ➥ ((p∧q)→r) and ((p→r)∧(q→r))

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Answer: IV
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Q.58➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020


Choose the correct answer from the options given below
i ➥ A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
ii ➥ A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
iii ➥ A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
iv ➥ A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

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Answer: I
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Q.59➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
If f(x) = x is my friend, and p(x) = x is perfect then correct logical translation of the statement “some of my friends are not perfect” is__________.
i ➥ ∀ (f(x) ∧ ¬ p(x))
ii ➥ ∃ (f(x) ∧ ¬ p(x))
iii ➥ ¬ (f(x) ∧ ¬ p(x))
iv ➥ ∃ ( ¬ f(x) ∧ ¬ p(x))

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Answer: II
Explanation:
It is given that,
f(x)=x is my friend
p(x) = x is perfect
statement: some of my friends are not perfect.
There exist is used for ‘some’. Outer most part contains ∃x.
In statement , condition is ‘not perfect’ . so, we get ^ p(x).
Finally we get, ∃x(f(x)∧⌐p(x))

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Q.60➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Match List I with List II

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
i ➥ A-I, B-IV, C-III, D-II
ii ➥ A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
iii ➥ A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV
iv ➥ A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I

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Answer: I
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Q.61➡ | NTA UGC NET November 2020
Which of the following is NOT true in problem solving in artificial intelligence?
i ➥ Implements heuristic search techniques
ii ➥ Solution steps are not explicit
iii ➥ Knowledge is imprecise
iv ➥ it works on or implements repetition mechanism

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Answer: IV
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Q.62➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
Let Wo represents weight between node i at layer k and node j at layer (k – 1) of a given multilayer perceptron. The weight updation using gradient descent method is given by

Where α and E represents learning rate and Error in the output respectively?
i ➥ Wij(t+1)=Wij(t)+α ∂E/∂Wij , 0<=α<=1
ii ➥ Wij(t+1)=Wij(t)-α ∂E/∂Wij , 0<=α<=1
iii ➥ Wij(t+1)=α ∂E/∂Wij , 0<=α<=1
iv ➥ Wij(t+1)= – α ∂E/∂Wij , 0<=α<=1

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Answer: II
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Q.63➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
Consider the following learning algorithms:
(a) Logistic regression
(b) Back propagation
(c) Linear repression
Which of the following option represents classification algorithms?
i ➥ (a) and (b) only
ii ➥ (a) and (c) only
iii ➥ (b) and (c) only
iv ➥ (a), (b) and (c)

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Answer: I
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Q.64➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
Consider the following:
(a) Trapping at local maxima
(b) Reaching a plateau
(c) Traversal along the ridge.
Which of the following option represents shortcomings of the hill climbing algorithm?
i ➥ (a) and (b) only
ii ➥ (a) and (c) only
iii ➥ (b) and (c) only
iv ➥ (a), (b) and (c)

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Answer: IV
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Q.65➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
An _ chart is a project schedule representation that presents project plan as a directed graph. The critical path is the____________sequence of_________tasks and it defines project __________.
i ➥ Activity, Shortest, Independent, Cost
ii ➥ Activity, Longest, Dependent, Duration
iii ➥ Activity, Longest, Independent, Duration
iv ➥ Activity, Shortest, Dependent, Duration

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Answer: II
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Q.66➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
i ➥ 14
ii ➥ 17
iii ➥ 111
iv ➥ 112

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Answer: II
Explanation:

The root value is 17. so correct answer is II

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Q.67➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2019
According to Dempster-Shafer theory for uncertainty management,
Where Bel(A) denotes Belief of event A.
i ➥
ii ➥
iii ➥
iv ➥

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Answer: III
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Q.68➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Consider the following methods:
M 1 : mean of maximum
M 2 : Centre of area
M 3 : Height method
Which of the following is/are defuzzification method(s)?
i ➥ Only M 1
ii ➥ Only M 1 and M 2
iii ➥ Only M 2and M 3
iv ➥ M 1 , M 2 and M 3

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Answer: IV
Explanation:
Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy quantity to a precise quantity.
Defuzzification Methods are.
1.Mean of Maxima Method (MOM)
2.Weighted Average Method
3.Centroid of Area(COA)
4.Center of Area
5.Bisector of Area Method (BOA)
6.Center of gravity (COG)
7.Maxima Methods
8.First of Maxima Method (FOM)
9.Last of Maxima Method (LOM)
10.Center of Sums Method (COS)
So correct answer is (IV).

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Q.69➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
A fuzzy conjunction operator denoted as t(x,y) and fuzzy disjunction operator denoted as s(x,Y) form dual pair if they satisfy the condition:
i ➥ t(x,y)= 1-s(x,y)
ii ➥ t(x,y)=s(1-x,1-y)
iii ➥ t(x,y)=1-s(1-x,1-y)
iv ➥ t(x,y)=s(1+x,1+y)

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Answer: III
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Q.70➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Consider the following:
(a) Evolution
(b) Selection
(c) reproduction
(d) Mutation
Which of the following are found in genetic algorithms?
i ➥ (b),(c) and (d) only
ii ➥ (b) and (d) only
iii ➥ (a),(b),(c) and (d)
iv ➥ (a),(b) and (d) only

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Answer: III
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Q.71➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Let Aα0 denotes the α-cut of a fuzzy set A at α0. If α1 < α2 , then
i ➥ Aα1 ⊇ Aα2
ii ➥ Aα1 ⊃ Aα2
iii ➥ Aα1 ⊆ Aα2
iv ➥ Aα1 ⊂ Aα2

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Answer: I
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Q.72➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Match List-I with List-II:

Choose the correct option from those given below:
i ➥ (a)-(i); (b)-(ii); (c)-(iii)
ii ➥ (a)-(iii);(b)-(ii); (c)-(i)
iii ➥ (a)-(i); (b)-(iii); (c)-(ii)
iv ➥ (a)-(ii); (b)-(iii); (c)-(i)

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Answer: IV
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Q.73➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Which of the following is an example of unsupervised neural network?
i ➥ Back propagation network
ii ➥ Hebb network
iii ➥ Associative memory network
iv ➥ Self-organizing feature map

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Answer: IV
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Q.74➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
The STRIPS representation is
i ➥ a feature-centric representation
ii ➥ an action-centric representation
iii ➥ a combination of feature-centric and action-centric representation
iv ➥ a hierarchical feature-centric representation

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Answer: II
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Q.75➡ | NTA UGC NET June 2019
Consider the game tree given below:
i ➥ 4
ii ➥ 7
iii ➥ 11
iv ➥ 12

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Answer: II
Explanation:


The root value is 7. so correct answer is II

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Q.76➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
Consider the following terminology and match List 1 and List 2 and choose the correct answer from the code given below
b= branch factor
d= depth of shallowest solution bd
M= Maximum depth of the search tree
I= depth limit
i ➥ (a)-(iii), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
ii ➥ (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
iii ➥ (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(iii)
iv ➥ (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)

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Answer: II
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Q.77➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
Match the List 1 and List 2 and choose the correct answer from the code given below
i ➥ (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
ii ➥ (a)-(ii), (b)-(i),(c)-(iii), (d)-(iv)
iii ➥ (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)
iv ➥ (a)-(iii), (b)-(iv), (c)-(ii), (d)-(i)

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Answer: III
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Q.78➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
Which of the following is true for semi-dynamic environment ?
i ➥ The environment itself does not change with the passage of time but the agent’s performance score does.
ii ➥ The environment change while the agent is deliberating.
iii ➥ Even if the environment changes with the passage of time while deliberating, the performance score does not change.
iv ➥ Environment and performance score, both change simultaneously.

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Answer: I
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Q.79➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
Consider the following statements
S1: A heuristic is admissible if it never overestimates the cost to reach the goal
S2: A heuristic is monotonous if it follows triangle inequality property.
Which one of the following is true referencing the above statements?
i ➥ Statement S1 is true but statement S2 is false.
ii ➥ Statement S1 is false but statement S2 is true.
iii ➥ Neither of the statements S1 and S2 are true
iv ➥ Both the statements S1 and S2 are true.

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Answer: IV
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Q.80➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
An agent can improve its performance by
i ➥ Learning
ii ➥ Responding
iii ➥ Observing
iv ➥ Perceiving

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Answer: I
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Q.81➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
In PERT/CPM, the merge event represents___________ of two or more events.
i ➥ splitting
ii ➥ completion
iii ➥ beginning
iv ➥ joining

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Answer: II
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Q.82➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018
Match List 1 with List 2 and choose the correct answer from the code given below
i ➥ (a)-(iv), (b)-(iii), (c) -(ii), (d)-(i)
ii ➥ (a)-(i), (b)-(iv), (c) -(iii), (d)-(ii)
iii ➥ (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c) -(ii), (d)-(iii)
iv ➥ (a)-(i), (b)-(ii), (c) -(iii), (d)-(iv)

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Answer: II
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Q.83➡ | NTA UGC NET December 2018

What will be the value propagated at the root ?
i ➥ 6
ii ➥ 3
iii ➥ 5
iv ➥ 4

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Answer: III
Explanation:

The root value is 5. so correct answer is III.

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Q.84➡ | NTA UGC NET
Consider following two rules R1 and R2 in logical reasoning in Artificial Intelligence (AI):

i ➥ Only R1 is correct.
ii ➥ Only R2 is correct.
iii ➥ Only R2 is correct.
iv ➥ Neither R1 nor R2 is correct.

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Answer: IV
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Q.85➡ | NTA UGC NET
In Artificial Intelligence (AI), what is present in the planning graph?
i ➥ Sequence of levels
ii ➥ Literals
iii ➥ Variables
iv ➥ Heuristic estimates

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Answer: I
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Q.86➡ | NTA UGC NET
What is the best method to go for the game playing problem?
i ➥ Optimal Search
ii ➥ Random Search
iii ➥ Heuristic Search
iv ➥ Stratified Search

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Answer: III
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Q.87➡ |
What are the following sequence of steps taken in designing a fuzzy logic machine?
i ➥ Fuzzification → Rule evaluation → Defuzzification
ii ➥ Fuzzification → Defuzzification → Rule evaluation
iii ➥ Rule evaluation → Fuzzification → Defuzzification
iv ➥ Rule evaluation → Defuzzification → Fuzzification

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Answer: I
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Q.88➡ |
In Artificial Intelligence , a semantic network
i ➥ is a graph-based method of knowledge representation where nodes represent concepts
ii ➥ is a graph-based method of knowledge representation where nodes represent relations
iii ➥ represents an entity as a set of slots and associated rules.
iv ➥ is a subset of first-order logic.

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Answer: I
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Q.89➡ |
Criticism free idea generation is a factor of …………..
i ➥ Decision Support System
ii ➥ Group Decision Support System
iii ➥ Enterprise Resource Support System
iv ➥ Artificial Intelligence

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Answer: II
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Q.90➡ |
Consider the following logical inferences :
I1 : If it is Sunday then school will not open.
The school was open.
Inference : It was not Sunday.
I2 : If it is Sunday then school will not open.
It was not Sunday.
Inference : The school was open.
Which of the following is correct?
i ➥ Both I1 and I2 are correct inferences
ii ➥ I1 is correct but I2 is not a correct inference
iii ➥ I1 is not correct but I2 is a correct inference
iv ➥ Both I1 and I2 are not correct inferences.

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Answer: II
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Q.91➡ |
Which formal system provides the semantic foundation for Prolog?
i ➥ Predicate calculus
ii ➥ Lambda calculus
iii ➥ Hoare logic
iv ➥ Propositional logic

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Answer: I
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Q.92➡ |
Forward chaining systems are where as backward chaining systems are …………….
i ➥ Data driven, Data driven
ii ➥ Goal driven, Data driven
iii ➥ Data driven, Goal driven
iv ➥ Goal driven, Goal driven

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Answer: III
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Q.93➡ |
STRIPS addresses the problem of efficiently representing and implementation of a planner. It is not related to which one of the following?
i ➥ SHAKEY
ii ➥ SRI
iii ➥ NLP
iv ➥ None of these

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Answer III
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Q.94➡ |
Slots and facets are used in
i ➥ Semantic Networks
ii ➥ Frames
iii ➥ Rules
iv ➥ All of these

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Answer: II
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Q.95➡ |
Which of the following is not a part of an expert system shell?
i ➥ Knowledge Base
ii ➥ Inference Engine
iii ➥ Explanation Facility
iv ➥ None of the above

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Answer: I
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Q.96➡ |
The Blocks World Problem in Artificial Intelligence is normally discussed to explain a
………………
i ➥ Search technique
ii ➥ Planning system
iii ➥ Constraint satisfaction system
iv ➥ Knowledge base system

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Answer: II
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Q.97➡ |
Means-Ends Analysis process centres around the detection of difference between the current state and the goal state. Once such a difference is found, then to reduce the difference one applies
………………
i ➥ a forward search that can reduce the difference.
ii ➥ a backward search that can reduce the difference
iii ➥ a bidirectional search that can reduce the difference.
iv ➥ an operator that can reduce the difference.

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Answer: IV
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Q.98➡ |
An A* algorithm is a heuristic search technique which
i ➥ is like a depth-first search where most promising child is selected for expansion
ii ➥ generates all successor nodes and computes an estimate of distance (cost) from start node to a goal node through each of the successors. It then chooses the successor with shortest cost.
iii ➥ saves all path lengths (costs) from start node to all generated nodes and chooses shortest path for further expansion.
iv ➥ none of the above

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Answer: II
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Q.99➡ |
α – β cutoffs are applied to ………….
i ➥ Depth first search
ii ➥ Best first search
iii ➥ Minimax search
iv ➥ Breadth first search

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Answer: III
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Q.100➡ |
Assume that each alphabet can have a value between 0 to 9 in a crypto-arithmetic problem CROSS

+ROADS
___________
DANGER
___________
Which of the following statement is true?

(i) No two alphabets can have the same numeric value.
(ii) Any two alphabets may have the same numeric value.
(iii) D = 0
(iv) D = 1
i ➥ (i) and (iii)
ii ➥ (i) and (iv)
iii ➥ (ii) and (iii)
iv ➥ (ii) and (iv)

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Answer: II
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